The paper also outlines the evidence on prevalence of OCA practices as well as selected cross-cutting issues related to OCA, for example vulnerability of consumers.

assesses the competition and consumer harm.

considers the effects on consumers and businesses and diagnoses the underlying causes of harm from the practice.

It provides summaries of the evidence on 21 OCA practices (for example, defaults), organised into 3 sections: Choice Structure, Choice Information, Choice Pressure. This paper is intended to be used as a reference document. Competition and consumer authorities necessarily need to identify and address detriment, so this paper focuses on the harms that can arise from OCA practices.

OCA is often used positively to help consumers, for example, by displaying relevant products prominently and to streamline friction. Online choice architecture (OCA) describes the environment in which users act and make decisions, including the presentation and placement of choices and the design of interfaces.

This is a companion paper, which provides underpinning evidence to support the CMA publication, Online Choice Architecture: how digital design can harm competition and consumers (referred to as вЂњthe discussion paperвЂќ).

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